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Wrist flexors

Group of forearm muscles on the palm side, most arising from the common flexor tendon at the medial epicondyle, that bend the wrist and fingers.

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Origin
  • Common flexor tendon on the medial epicondyle of the humerus (flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis)
  • Ulna: olecranon and posterior border (flexor carpi ulnaris), coronoid process (flexor digitorum superficialis), upper three-quarters of the front and inner shaft (flexor digitorum profundus)
  • Radius: oblique line on the front of the shaft (flexor digitorum superficialis)
  • Interosseous membrane (flexor digitorum profundus)
Insertion
  • Bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals (flexor carpi radialis)
  • Pisiform, hook of the hamate and base of the 5th metacarpal (flexor carpi ulnaris)
  • Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis (palmaris longus)
  • Middle phalanges of the four fingers (flexor digitorum superficialis)
  • Distal phalanges of the four fingers (flexor digitorum profundus)
Action
  • All members: flex the wrist
  • Flexor carpi radialis: also abducts the wrist (bends it towards the thumb)
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris: also adducts the wrist (bends it towards the little finger)
  • Palmaris longus: tenses the palmar aponeurosis
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis: flexes the fingers at the middle (proximal interphalangeal) and knuckle (metacarpophalangeal) joints
  • Flexor digitorum profundus: flexes the fingertips (distal interphalangeal joints) and assists the other finger joints
NerveMedian nerve, except flexor carpi ulnaris and the inner half of flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar nerve) (C6–T1)
MembersFlexor carpi radialis, Flexor carpi ulnaris, Palmaris longus, Flexor digitorum superficialis, Flexor digitorum profundus

Palpation

  1. Client supine with the forearm palm up and supported on the table.
  2. Find the medial epicondyle and place your fingers just below it on the front of the forearm.
  3. Feel the soft, rounded muscle mass fanning down the inner half of the forearm; near the wrist it becomes several cord-like tendons.
  4. Ask the client to make a fist and bend the wrist against light resistance; the whole mass firms under your hand.

Landmarks: Medial epicondyle of humerus · Olecranon

The wrist flexors make up most of the soft bulk on the palm side of the forearm. Most of them share one tendon on the Medial epicondyle of humerus, called the common flexor tendon. Pronator teres also starts from this tendon, which is why the whole area is sometimes called the flexor-pronator mass. A quick way to map the superficial layer: put the heel of your hand on the medial epicondyle and spread your fingers down the forearm. Roughly, your fingers lie over pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus and Flexor carpi ulnaris, from the thumb side in.

Anyone who grips a lot, including massage therapists, commonly holds tension here. Clients who have been told they have “golfer’s elbow” often report tenderness just below the medial epicondyle. Long Effleurage and Petrissage from wrist to elbow, then a gentle wrist-extension stretch, suit a relaxation routine. See Therapist self-care and body mechanics for looking after your own forearms.

The wrist flexors work against the Wrist extensors on the back of the forearm. Flexors are on the palm side and start at the medial epicondyle. Extensors are on the back and start at the Lateral epicondyle of humerus.

Sources

  1. Wikipedia: Common flexor tendon
  2. Wikipedia: Anterior compartment of the forearm
  3. Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body (1918), Myology 7e: The Muscles and Fasciae of the Forearm (Public domain. Used for attachments, actions and nerve root levels.)